Some cognitive, cultural and future benefits for multilinguals

The German and English version of this post was published in a slightly different version as part of the 20-day #BilingualBlogathon organized by TA-DA! Language Productions

by Ute Limacher-Riebold PhD

 

Please find the English, German, Italian, French and Dutch version of this post here below

 

 

Some cognitive, cultural and future benefits for multilinguals

 

More than half of the world’s population speaks more than one language or dialect, but “the pervasive monolingual bias present within many societies threatens the wellbeing of bilingual children and their families” (Annick De Houwer, 2022).

Beyond simply knowing two or more languages and dialects (or sign languages), being multilingual offers a wide range of cognitive, cultural, and future benefits that make it a skill worth cultivating.

 

Cognitive Benefits:

Enhanced cognitive abilities
Studies have shown that multilingual individuals tend to have enhanced cognitive abilities, including better problem-solving skills, visual-spatial skills, multitasking abilities, and improved memory. This cognitive flexibility is attributed to the constant need and ability of multilinguals to switch between languages, and think in different linguistic structures.

Delayed onset of cognitive decline

The use of several languages has also been linked to a delayed onset of cognitive decline and a lower risk of age-related disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. The constant mental exercise required to maintain several languages across the lifespan is helps to keep the brain more resilient.

Improved attention control

Individuals who use several languages on a regular basis are proven to be better at filtering out irrelevant information and focusing on what’s important due to their ability to switch between languages. This skill is particularly useful in tasks that require sustained attention.

 

Cultural Benefits:

Intercultural understanding

Knowing two or more languages often goes hand-in-hand with gaining a deeper understanding of the associated cultures. Multilingual individuals are more likely to appreciate and embrace different customs, traditions, and perspectives, fostering cross-cultural empathy and understanding.

Access to diverse literature and media

“The more languages we know, the more worlds we can explore”

(Ute Limacher-Riebold PhD)

Through our multiple languages we can access a broader world of literature, music, films, and other forms of media. We can explore the multiple facets of the different cultures, which enriches our life and broadens our worldview.

Improved communication

Each language comes with her own verbal and non-verbal communication style. The more languages we know, the greater our advantage when it comes to communicating with people from different backgrounds. Being able to “read the room” (or “the air”) is an invaluable skill in today’s interconnected society and can lead to enhanced personal and professional opportunities.

 

Future Benefits:

Education opportunities

Knowing multiple languages can open doors to educational opportunities abroad. Many universities offer programs in multiple languages, and scholarships and exchange programs often favour multilingual candidates.

Career advancement

Knowing several languages is a highly sought-after skill in many industries. Companies value employees who can communicate with international clients and colleagues, navigate global markets, and bridge cultural gaps. The more languages we know, the bigger our competitive edge in the job market.

Global citizenship

The more languages we know, the more likely we feel that we belong to diverse groups. Our languages can serve as bridge to other peoples and cultures, and are like a gateway to a global citizenship as they enable us to participate actively in international discussions, engage in diplomacy, and contribute to global problem-solving efforts.

 

Being and staying (!) multilingual across the lifespan is a lifelong project that is not just about mastering different languages, but also about expanding our horizon and seizing countless opportunities. By fostering multiple languages we enhance our cognitive abilities, foster our cultural understanding, and positions us for success in an increasingly interconnected world.

 

Einige kognitive, kulturelle und zukünftige Vorteile für Mehrsprachige

 

Mehr als die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung spricht mehr als eine Sprache oder mehr als einen Dialekt, aber “die allgegenwärtige einsprachige Voreingenommenheit in vielen Gesellschaften, gefährdet das Wohlergehen zweisprachiger Kinder und ihrer Familien” (Annick De Houwer, 2022).

Über die bloße Kenntnis von zwei oder mehr Sprachen und/oder Dialekten (oder Gebärdensprachen) hinaus, bietet die Zweisprachigkeit* eine Vielzahl kognitiver, kultureller und zukünftiger Vorteile, die sie zu einer wichtigen Fähigkeit macht, die es zu kultivieren lohnt.

 

Kognitive Vorteile:

Bessere kognitive Fähigkeiten

Studien haben gezeigt, dass zweisprachige Personen tendenziell über bessere kognitive Fähigkeiten verfügen. Sie sind besser im Problemlösen, ihre visuell-räumlichen Fähigkeiten sind ausgeprägter, sie sind besser im Multitasking und haben ein besseres Gedächtnis.

Diese kognitive Flexibilität wird auf das ständige Bedürfnis und die Fähigkeit von Zweisprachigen zurückgeführt, zwischen zwei oder mehr Sprachen hin- und her zu wechseln, und in unterschiedlichen Sprachstrukturen zu denken.

Verzögerter Beginn des kognitiven Verfalls

Das Benutzen mehrerer Sprachen wird auch mit einem verzögerten Einsetzen des kognitiven Verfalls und einem geringeren Risiko für altersbedingte Erkrankungen wie Alzheimer in Verbindung gebracht.
Die ständige geistige Anstrengung, die erforderlich ist, um ein Leben lang den Gebrauch mehrerer Sprachen aufrecht zu erhalten, trägt dazu bei, das Gehirn widerstandsfähiger zu machen.

Verbesserte Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle

Personen, die regelmäßig mehrere Sprachen verwenden, sind aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit, zwischen Sprachen zu wechseln, nachweislich besser darin, irrelevante Informationen herauszufiltern und sich auf das Wesentliche zu konzentrieren.
Diese Fähigkeit ist besonders nützlich bei Aufgaben, die anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit erfordern.

 

Kulturelle Vorteile:

Interkulturelles Verständnis

Die Kenntnis zwei oder mehrerer Sprachen geht oft mit einem tieferen Verständnis der zugehörigen Kulturen einher.
Zweisprachige Menschen schätzen und akzeptieren eher unterschiedliche Bräuche, Traditionen und Perspektiven und fördern so interkulturelles Einfühlungsvermögen und Verständnis.

Zugang zu vielfältiger Literatur und Medien

“Je mehr Sprachen wir kennen, desto mehr Welten können wir erkunden” (Ute Limacher-Riebold PhD)

Durch unsere vielfältigen Sprachen haben wir Zugang zu einer größeren Welt der Literatur, Musik, Filme und anderen Medienformen.
Wir können die vielfältigen Facetten der unterschiedlichen Kulturen erkunden, was unser Leben bereichert und unsere Weltanschauung erweitert.

Verbesserte Kommunikation

Jede Sprache hat ihren eigenen verbalen und nonverbalen Kommunikationsstil.

Je mehr Sprachen wir beherrschen, desto größer ist unser Vorteil bei der Kommunikation mit Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft.
Die Fähigkeit, “den Raum” (oder “die Luft”) zu lesen, ist in der heutigen vernetzten Gesellschaft eine wertvolle Fähigkeit, und kann zu besseren persönlichen und beruflichen Chancen führen.

 

Zukünftige Vorteile:

Bildungschancen

Die Kenntnis mehrerer Sprachen kann Türen zu Bildungschancen im Ausland öffnen. Viele Universitäten bieten Programme in mehreren Sprachen an. Stipendien und Austauschprogramme begünstigen ausserdem häufig zweisprachige Kandidaten.

Karriereförderung

Die Beherrschung mehrerer Sprachen ist in vielen Branchen eine sehr gefragte Fähigkeit.
Unternehmen schätzen Mitarbeiter:innen, die mit internationalen Kund:innen und Kolleg:innen kommunizieren, sich auf globalen Märkten zurechtfinden, und kulturelle Lücken schließen können.
Je mehr Sprachen wir beherrschen, desto größer ist unser Wettbewerbsvorteil auf dem Arbeitsmarkt.

Weltbürgerschaft

Je mehr Sprachen wir beherrschen, desto größer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass wir uns unterschiedlichen Gruppen zugehörig fühlen. Unsere Sprachen können als Brücke zu anderen Völkern und Kulturen dienen. Sie sind wie ein Tor zur Weltbürgerschaft, da sie es uns ermöglichen, aktiv an internationalen Diskussionen teilzunehmen, uns in Diplomatie zu üben, und zu globalen Problemlösungen beizutragen.

 

Mehrsprachig zu sein und zu bleiben (!) ist ein lebenslanges Projekt, bei dem es nicht nur darum geht, verschiedene Sprachen zu beherrschen, sondern auch darum, den Horizont zu erweitern und unzählige Chancen zu nutzen. Durch die Förderung mehrerer Sprachen verbessern wir unsere kognitiven Fähigkeiten, fördern unser kulturelles Verständnis und positionieren uns erfolgsversprechend in einer zunehmend vernetzten Welt.

 

I benefici cognitivi, culturali e futuri per multilingui

 

Più della metà della popolazione mondiale parla più di una lingua o dialetto, ma “il pervasivo pregiudizio monolingue presente in molte società minaccia il benessere dei bambini bilingui e delle loro famiglie” (Annick De Houwer, 2022).

Oltre a conoscere semplicemente più lingue e dialetti (o lingue dei segni), essere multilingue offre un’ampia gamma di benefici cognitivi, culturali e futuri che la rendono un’abilità che vale la pena coltivare.

 

Benefici cognitivi:

Migliori capacità cognitive

Gli studi hanno dimostrato che gli individui multilingui tendono ad avere migliori capacità cognitive, comprese migliori capacità di risoluzione dei problemi, abilità visuo-spaziali, capacità di multitasking e memoria migliorata. Questa flessibilità cognitiva è attribuita al costante bisogno e alla capacità dei multilingui di passare da una lingua all’altra e di pensare in strutture linguistiche diverse. 

Ritardato declino cognitivo

L’uso di diverse lingue è stato inoltre collegato ad un ritardo nell’insorgenza del declino cognitivo e a un minor rischio di disturbi legati all’età come il morbo di Alzheimer. Il costante esercizio mentale necessario per mantenere diverse lingue nel corso della vita aiuta a mantenere il cervello più resiliente. 

Miglioramento del controllo dell’attenzione

È dimostrato che coloro che utilizzano diverse lingue regolarmente sono più bravi a filtrare le informazioni irrilevanti e a concentrarsi su ciò che è importante grazie alla loro capacità di passare da una lingua all’altra. Questa abilità è particolarmente utile nei compiti che richiedono un’attenzione prolungata. 

 

Benefici culturali:

Comprensione interculturale

Conoscere più lingue spesso va di pari passo con l’acquisizione di una comprensione più profonda delle culture associate. Gli individui multilingui hanno maggiori probabilità di apprezzare e abbracciare costumi, tradizioni e prospettive diverse, favorendo l’empatia e la comprensione interculturale.

Accesso a letteratura e media diversi

“Più lingue conosciamo, più mondi possiamo esplorare”(Ute Limacher-Riebold PhD)

Attraverso le nostre molteplici lingue possiamo accedere a un mondo più ampio di letteratura, musica, film e altre forme di media. Possiamo esplorare le molteplici sfaccettature delle diverse culture, il che arricchisce la nostra vita e la nostra visione del mondo.

Comunicazione migliorata

Ogni lingua ha il proprio stile di comunicazione verbale e non verbale. Più lingue conosciamo, maggiore sarà il nostro vantaggio quando si tratta di comunicare con persone di diversa estrazione. Essere in grado di “leggere la stanza” (o “l’aria”) è un’abilità inestimabile nella società interconnessa di oggi e può portare a maggiori opportunità personali e professionali. 

 

Vantaggi futuri:

Opportunità di istruzione

Conoscere più lingue può aprire le porte a opportunità educative all’estero. Molte università offrono programmi in più lingue e borse di studio e programmi di scambio spesso favoriscono i candidati multilingui. 

Avanzamento di carriera

Conoscere più lingue è una competenza molto ricercata in molti settori. Le aziende apprezzano i dipendenti che possono comunicare con clienti e colleghi internazionali, navigare nei mercati globali e colmare le lacune culturali. Più lingue conosciamo, maggiore sarà il nostro vantaggio competitivo nel mercato del lavoro.

Cittadinanza globale

Più lingue conosciamo, più è probabile che sentiamo di appartenere a gruppi diversi. Le nostre lingue possono fungere da ponte verso altri popoli e culture e sono come una porta verso una cittadinanza globale poiché ci consentono di partecipare attivamente alle discussioni internazionali, impegnarci nella diplomazia e contribuire agli sforzi globali di risoluzione dei problemi.  

 

Essere e rimanere (!) multilingui per tutta la vita è un progetto permanente che non consiste solo nel padroneggiare lingue diverse, ma anche nell’ampliare i nostri orizzonti e nel cogliere innumerevoli opportunità. Promuovendo più lingue miglioriamo le nostre capacità cognitive, favoriamo la nostra comprensione culturale e ci posizioniamo per il successo in un mondo sempre più interconnesso.

 

Les bénéfices cognitifs, culturels et futures pour les multilingues

 

Plus de la moitié de la population mondiale parle plus d’une langue ou dialecte, mais “le préjugé monolingue omniprésent dans de nombreuses sociétés menace le bien-être des enfants bilingues et de leurs familles”
(Annick De Houwer, 2022).

Au-delà de la simple connaissance de plusieurs langues et dialectes (ou langues des signes), le fait d’être multilingue offre un large éventail d’avantages cognitifs, culturels et futurs qui en font une compétence qui mérite d’être cultivée.

 

 

Bénéfices cognitifs:

Capacités cognitives améliorées

Des études ont montré que les individus multilingues ont tendance à avoir des capacités cognitives améliorées, notamment de meilleures compétences en résolution de problèmes, des compétences visuo-spatiales, des capacités multitâches et une mémoire améliorée. Cette flexibilité cognitive est attribuée au besoin constant et à la capacité des multilingues de basculer entre les langues et de penser selon différentes structures linguistiques.

Déclin cognitif retardé

L’utilisation de plusieurs langues a également été associée à un début retardé du déclin cognitif et à un risque moindre de troubles liés à l’âge comme la maladie d’Alzheimer. L’exercice mental constant nécessaire pour maintenir plusieurs langues tout au long de la vie contribue à maintenir le cerveau plus résilient.

Contrôle de l’attention amélioré

Il a été prouvé que les personnes qui utilisent régulièrement plusieurs langues sont plus à même de filtrer les informations non pertinentes et de se concentrer sur ce qui est important grâce à leur capacité à passer d’une langue à l’autre. Cette compétence est particulièrement utile dans les tâches qui nécessitent une attention soutenue.

Bénéfices culturels:

Compréhension interculturelle

La connaissance de plusieurs langues va souvent de pair avec une compréhension plus approfondie des cultures associées. Les personnes multilingues sont plus susceptibles d’apprécier et d’adopter différentes coutûmes, traditions et perspectives, favorisant ainsi l’empathie et la compréhension interculturelles.

Accès à une littérature et des médias diversifiés

“Plus nous connaissons de langues, plus nous pouvons explorer de mondes” (Ph.D. Ute Limacher-Riebold)

Grâce à nos multiples langues, nous pouvons accéder à un monde plus vaste de littérature, de musique, de films et d’autres formes de médias. Nous pouvons explorer les multiples facettes des différentes cultures, ce qui enrichit notre vie et amplifie notre vision du monde.

Communication améliorée

Chaque langue a son propre style de communication verbale et non verbale. Plus nous connaissons de langues, plus nous sommes en mesure de communiquer avec des personnes d’horizons différents. Être capable de « lire l’air » est une compétence inestimable dans la société interconnectée d’aujourd’hui et peut conduire à de meilleures opportunités personnelles et professionnelles.

Avantages futurs :

Possibilités d’éducation

Connaître plusieurs langues peut ouvrir les portes à des opportunités d’études à l’étranger. De nombreuses universités proposent des programmes dans plusieurs langues, et les bourses et programmes d’échange favorisent souvent les candidats multilingues.

L’avancement de carrière

Connaître plusieurs langues est une compétence très recherchée dans de nombreux secteurs. Les entreprises apprécient les employés capables de communiquer avec des clients et des collègues internationaux, de naviguer sur les marchés mondiaux et de combler les écarts culturels. Plus nous connaissons de langues, plus notre avantage concurrentiel sur le marché du travail est grand.

Citoyenneté mondiale Plus nous connaissons de langues, plus nous avons le sentiment d’appartenir à des groupes divers. Nos langues peuvent servir de pont vers d’autres peuples et cultures et sont comme un pont vers une citoyenneté mondiale car elles nous permettent de participer activement aux discussions internationales, de nous engager dans la diplomatie et de contribuer aux efforts de résolution de problèmes mondiaux.

Être et rester (!) multilingue tout au long de la vie est un projet de toute une vie qui ne consiste pas seulement à maîtriser différentes langues, mais aussi à élargir notre horizon et à saisir d’innombrables opportunités. En favorisant plusieurs langues, nous améliorons nos capacités cognitives, nous favorisons notre compréhension culturelle et nous nous positionnons pour réussir dans un monde de plus en plus interconnecté.

 

Cognitieve, culturele en toekomstige voordelen voor meertaligen

Meer dan de helft van de wereldbevolking spreekt meer dan één taal of dialect, maar “de alomtegenwoordige eentalige vooroordelen die in veel samenlevingen aanwezig zijn, bedreigen het welzijn van tweetalige kinderen en hun gezinnen” (Annick De Houwer, 2022).

Naast het simpelweg kennen van meer talen en dialecten (of gebarentalen), biedt meertaligheid een breed scala aan cognitieve, culturele voordelen, maar ook voordelen voor de toekomst. Dit maakt meertaligheid een voordeel wat het de moeite waard is om te cultiveren.

 

Cognitieve voordelen:

Verbeterde cognitieve vaardigheden

Studies hebben aangetoond dat meertalige individuen over het algemeen betere cognitieve vaardigheden hebben, waaronder betere probleemoplossende vaardigheden, visueel-ruimtelijke vaardigheden, multitasking-vaardigheden en een beter geheugen. Deze cognitieve flexibiliteit wordt toegeschreven aan de constante behoefte en het vermogen van meertaligen om tussen talen te schakelen en in verschillende taalstructuren te denken.

Vertraagd begin van cognitieve achteruitgang

Het gebruik van verschillende talen is ook in verband gebracht met een vertraagd begin van cognitieve achteruitgang en een lager risico op leeftijdsgebonden aandoeningen zoals de ziekte van Alzheimer. De constante mentale oefening die nodig is om gedurende het hele leven verschillende talen te onderhouden, helpt de hersenen veerkrachtiger te houden.

 

Verbeterde aandachtscontrole

Het is bewezen dat personen die regelmatig meerdere talen gebruiken, beter zijn in het filteren van irrelevante informatie en zich beter kunnen concentreren op wat belangrijk is, dankzij hun vermogen om tussen talen te schakelen. Deze vaardigheid is vooral nuttig bij taken die langdurige aandacht vereisen.

Culturele voordelen:

Intercultureel begrip

Het kennen van twee of meer talen gaat vaak hand in hand met het verkrijgen van een dieper inzicht in de bijbehorende culturen. Tweetalige personen zullen eerder verschillende gewoonten, tradities en perspectieven waarderen en omarmen, waardoor interculturele empathie en begrip worden bevorderd.

 

Toegang tot diverse literatuur en media

“Hoe meer talen we kennen, hoe meer werelden we kunnen verkennen” (Ute Limacher-Riebold PhD)

Via onze meerdere talen hebben we toegang tot een bredere wereld van literatuur, muziek, films en andere vormen van media. We kunnen de vele facetten van de verschillende culturen verkennen, wat ons leven verrijkt en ons wereldbeeld verbreedt.

Verbeterde communicatie

Elke taal heeft haar eigen verbale en non-verbale communicatiestijl. Hoe meer talen we kennen, hoe groter ons voordeel als het gaat om de communicatie met mensen met verschillende achtergronden. In staat zijn om “de kamer” (of “de lucht”) te kunnen lezen is een vaardigheid van onschatbare waarde in de hedendaagse onderling verbonden samenleving en kan leiden tot verbeterde persoonlijke en professionele kansen.

Toekomstige voordelen:

Onderwijsmogelijkheden

Het kennen van meerdere talen kan deuren openen naar onderwijsmogelijkheden in het buitenland. Veel universiteiten bieden programma’s in meerdere talen aan, en ook beurzen en uitwisselingsprogramma’s geven vaak de voorkeur aan tweetalige kandidaten.

Loopbaanontwikkeling

Het kennen van meerdere talen is in veel sectoren een zeer gewilde vaardigheid. Bedrijven waarderen werknemers die kunnen communiceren met internationale klanten en collega’s, over mondiale markten kunnen navigeren en culturele verschillen kunnen overbruggen. Hoe meer talen we kennen, hoe groter ons concurrentievoordeel op de arbeidsmarkt.

Wereldburgerschap

Hoe meer talen we kennen, hoe groter de kans dat we het gevoel hebben dat we tot diverse groepen behoren. Onze talen kunnen als brug dienen naar andere volkeren en culturen, en zijn als een toegangspoort tot mondiaal burgerschap, omdat ze ons in staat stellen actief deel te nemen aan internationale discussies, deel te nemen aan diplomatie en bij te dragen aan inspanningen voor het oplossen van mondiale problemen.

Meertalig zijn en blijven (!) gedurende het hele leven is een levenslang project dat niet alleen gaat over het beheersen van verschillende talen, maar ook over het verbreden van onze horizon en het grijpen van talloze kansen. Door het bevorderen van meerdere talen verbeteren we onze cognitieve vaardigheden. We bevorderen ons cultureel begrip en positioneren ons voor succes in een steeds meer onderling verbonden wereld.

Ressources on this topic:

De Houwer, Annick, 2022, The danger of bilingual-monolingual comparisons in applied psycholinguistic research, in Applied Psycholinguistics 44 (3): 1-15.

Grosjean, François, 2010 Myths about bilingualism,  accessed 13 September 2023, <https://www.francoisgrosjean.ch/myths_en.html>; from Bilingual: Life and Reality (Harvard University Press, 2010).

 

cognitive advantages

Bialystok E, Craik FI, Luk G. Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2012;16(4):240–250.

Cook Vivian, Li Wei. The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multicompetence, CUP, 2016.

Luk G, Bialystok E, Craik FI, Grady CL. Lifelong bilingualism maintains white matter integrity in older adults. Journal of Neuroscience. 2011;31(46):16808–16813.

Thierry G, Wu YJ. Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign-language comprehension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104(30):12530–12535.

Viorica, Marian, Shook, Anthony, The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual, Cerebrum, 2012 Sep-Oct: 13.

cultural advantages

Yinjie Chen, Amado M.Padilla, Role of Bilingualism and Biculturalism as Assets in Positive Psychology: Conceptual Dynamic GEAR Model, Front Psychol. 2019, 10, 2122.

Beacco Jean-Claude, Specifying languages’ contribution to intercultural education. Lessons learned from the CEFR, 2013.

future advantages

OECD – How Language Learning Opens Doors, accessed 13 September 2023, < https://www.oecd.org/pisa/foreign-language/opens-doors.pdf>

COE – Language Policies, accessed 13 September 2023, <https://www.coe.int/fi/web/commissioner/-/language-policies-should-accomodate-diversity-protect-minority-rights-and-defuse-tensions>

Challenges in Multilingualism – Navigating Language Dynamics in Multilingual Families

 

Being or becoming multilingual has numerous advantages, but it also comes with its fair share of challenges.

Understanding and addressing these challenges is essential for successful language development and maintenance in multilingual families.

Let's look at some common challenges that arise in multilingual families and discuss strategies to overcome them.

 

Language Dominance

When one language becomes stronger or more dominant than the other(s), we have to do with language dominance. One (or more) language(s) become more dominant when language exposure, schooling, or societal influences are supporting the target language(s) more than the others.

To address this, parents can provide a more balanced language input, i.e. make sure that there is enough exposure to the target languages in terms of qualitative high verbal interactions. Furthermore, they can encourage language use in various contexts, and seek support from language professionals if needed.

 

Code-Mixing and Code-Switching

Code-mixing and code-switching, where individuals switch between languages within a sentence of within a conversation, is very normal among multilinguals and usually nothing to worry about. But while this is a natural phenomenon, it can be a challenge when we struggle with having conversations in one language only. In fact, when we notice that our children can not hold a conversation in the target, i.e. the expected language in contexts where a monolingual language use is necessary, we may want to reinforce some language separation strategies, such as setting language rules for specific contexts. These strategies have proven to be very effective not only with children but also for multilingual adults!

 

Language Loss and Attrition

Language loss or attrition can occur when a language is not actively used or maintained. This language shift usually occurs gradually. It can become a concern when multilingual children are not exposed to the target languages consistently over a longer period of time.
To prevent language attrition and language loss, it is important to create and maintain (!) opportunities for language practice. Engaging with as many people as possible in the target language, fostering a great variety of language input – from speakers with a various interests and language use (formal, informal etc.) and of course also keeping the contact with extended family members who speak the language can help keep children motivated to use the language. If where we live we don't have enough speakers of the target languages, we can use all kind of audio and video resources to keep the language as varied and interesting as possible!

In our Toolbox for Multilingual Families we share activities and games that foster understanding, speaking, reading and writing.

 

Limited Language Resources

As mentioned above, access to resources in all languages spoken within the family can be limited, especially for less commonly spoken languages or languages that are not transmitted in written form (like dialects for example). However, leveraging online resources, local community networks, language exchange programs, and cultural organizations can help overcome this challenge and provide opportunities for language exposure and learning. – Make sure to join my facebook group Multilingual Families where you might find the "multilingual village" you need!

 

Maintaining Language Motivation

As children grow older, they may question the relevance or importance of maintaining multiple languages. Especially those they don't need with their peers or to function in social settings on a daily basis. It is crucial to foster a positive attitude towards multilingualism in general, and to highlight the advantages of having language skills in multiple languages.
In my online course for parents of 10-15+ year old children* I focus on fostering this awareness in our preteens and teens with regards to communication, cognitive development, cultural understanding, and future opportunities.

Celebrating cultural heritage and promoting meaningful language use can enhance the motivation of our chidren (and us!) to keep using the language**.

 

Social and Peer Pressure

As soon as children attend daycare or school, and participate in society, they are more prone to face social pressure or ridicule for speaking multiple languages or just "other" languages. Depending on where they grow up, the community will be more or less accepting towards other languages and cultures. In more monolingual settings, using other languages and coming from a more diverse cultural background can cause all kind of reactions.
As parents and caregivers, we can help our children cope with those situations by building their confidence and resilience of being "not only... but also...". educating others about the benefits of multilingualism, and fostering a supportive social network can help counteract this challenge.

 

Balancing Language and Academic Demands

Although more and more schools support multilingual children, i.e. their use of multiple languages, there are still some challenges our children can face. These challenges have to do with balancing language learning with academic demands. Especially when the language and overall academic expectations are not met, or not met at the expected moment, teachers and parents tend to blame the multiple languages. It has been proven that in the majority of cases academic struggles have nothing to do with the number of languages a child is exposed to. It is usually an imbalance in support for the target languages and the skills related to language learning and subject learning that cause a problem.
Whenever we observe an imbalance that lasts longer than a few months, and exceed the usual transition period (when our children changed school and maybe even school language etc.), we should work closely with educators to create a supportive environment that values and integrates multilingualism into the academic curriculum. In my over 30 years of experience with working in international settings I observed that the problem usually stems from the environment the child is exposed to, not the child. Therefore I always invite parents to find ways to create an environment where their children's needs are met and where they can develop in the most healthy way.

 

Conclusion

I am a defender of multilingualism as I know about the advantages about knowing multiple languages. I have acquired and learned more than 10 languages and dialects, and 5 of them to a high level of proficiency (in understanding, speaking, reading and writing). But like everything else in life, knowing multiple languages also comes with challenges. But these challenges can be overcome with awareness, proactive strategies, and support.
Embracing linguistic diversity, providing a balanced and hight quality of language exposure, fostering a positive language environment, and seeking professional guidance when needed, are essential for successful language development and maintenance in multilingual families and I'd say "across the lifespan".

By acknowledging and addressing these challenges, we can create a nurturing environment that allows multilingual individuals to thrive and embrace the richness of multiple languages and cultures.

 

If you are multilingual and raising multilinguals, please let me know in the comments what kind of challenges you faced or are currently facing with regards to using or fostering and learning multiple languages.

 

*The online course for parents of 10-15+ year old multilinguals will be available in fall 2024. If you want me to keep you informed for when the course will be ready, please leave a comment here below. No strings attached.
** I am preparing a course about Motivation for multilingual families. If you want me to keep you informed for when the course will be ready, please leave a comment here below. No strings attached.

 

International Day of Multilingualism: 27 March

Together with a group of other linguists and language enthusiasts,  we propose the 27th March as the International Day of Multilingualism. This is the day we want to embrace the variety of languages that we all hear, speak, read and write to different extents on a daily, weekly, monthly basis.

Because more than half of the worlds’ population speaks more than one language it is time to establish that #multilingalisnormal.

 

Why the 27th of March?

The 27th March was chosen for the International Day of Multilingualism because this is the date engraved on the Rosetta Stone: 27 March 196 BC,  the world’s most famous multilingual text, engraved with Ancient Egyptian, in hieroglyphic, Demotic and Ancient Greek. The Rosetta Stone was the key to unlocking new understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphics because linguists in the 1800s were able to decode the hieroglyphs by translating the Ancient Greek text and comparing it to the Demotic text, looking for overlapping phonic or ideographic clues.

 

 

The overlapping of languages, the clues that one language provides for another, and the way that we use languages in a multi-layered, multi-lingual way in our lives was the reason for choosing the triangles symbol in the logo for the International Day of Multilingualism. They symbolize the many languages, and the many different ways of learning and speaking them.

On this first International Day of Multilingualism we celebrate that Multilingual is normal!

You can also support the first International Day of Multilingualism on 27th March 2019 by:
1 – sharing a photo/quote/fact related to languages across as many of your social media accounts as possible
2 – using the #multilingualisnormal hashtag in all posts
3 – posting at 09:00 and 21:00 GMT on Wednesday 27th March 2019
4 – scheduling multiple posts to create a simultaneous wave of support

Let’s get the topic trending, and get people talk!

You can join the International Day of Multilingualism Facebook group here, and discuss ideas on how to take part with other interested parties.

The official website can be accessed here.

 

Who is multilingual?

A multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language, either actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving) – other similar terms are also polyglot or plurilingual.

 

Some important facts about multilingualism 

  1. There are 7,000 languages in the world distributed over 195 countries: thus, every country in the world is multilingual. 
  2. The amount of languages spoken in a region differs greatly. For example, Europe as a region features less languages than many equivalent sized regions in Asia or Africa.*
  3. Being multilingual is the norm for most individuals in the world and this will increasingly be the case.*
  4. Most languages can be clustered in different families but some are completely unrelated to any other known language.*
  5. The number of speakers of a language differs if we also count those learning the language as a foreign language (i.e. through a school).*
  6. People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals.
  7. Bilinguals might have important labor market advantages over monolingual individuals as bilingual people are able to carry out duties that monolinguals cannot, such as interacting with customers who only speak a minority language
  8. Multilingualism was common in the past: in early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one’s own town or village, and this holds good today in places of high linguistic diversity such as Sub-Saharan Africa and India

 

 

* from FutureLearn course “Multilingualism”

 

Related posts:

Multilingual is Normal 

The 1st International Day of Multilingualism

International Day of Multilingualism 27th of March #multilingualisnormal